The burden of proof is outlined in Chapter 9, specifically Articles 117 through 129, of the Qanun-e-Shahadat Order of 1984. First, burden of evidence means who is responsible for providing evidence in the case. The person who makes allegations must provide evidence to support his charges. The court does not come to any conclusion until the person presents the required evidence.
Now, this is very important because it is a fundamental principle in the legal system that a person is not considered guilty or responsible unless evidence is provided against him. This principle is the basis of cases, and without it the justice system cannot function properly. This section explains how bar evidence is imposed on whom in different situations, such as a claim to a right or a demand for exemption in a particular situation.
Chapter 9 Summary in Urdu – Overview
پاکستان کے قانون شہادت آرڈر کا چیپٹر 9، جو آرٹیکل 117 سے 129 تک پھیلا ہوا ہے، ثبوت کا بوجھ (برڈن آف پروف) کے اصولوں پر مرکوز ہے۔ اس وضاحت کی گئی ہے کہ کسی بھی قانونی معاملے میں یہ طے کرنا ضروری ہے کہ کس فریق پر ثبوت فراہم کرنے کی ذمہ داری عائد ہوتی ہے۔ بنیادی طور پر، یہ اصول اس بات کو یقینی بناتا ہے کہ عدالت میں ہر فریق اپنی بات کو ثابت کرنے کے لیے مناسب شواہد پیش کرے۔ اس چیپٹر میں یہ بھی بیان کیا گیا ہے کہ کس طرح مختلف حالات میں ثبوت کا بوجھ تبدیل ہو سکتا ہے۔ مثلاً، اگر ایک فریق دعویٰ کرتا ہے تو اس پر یہ ذمہ داری ہوتی ہے کہ وہ اپنے دعوے کو ثابت کرے۔ اگر وہ ایسا نہیں کر پاتا، تو اس کا دعویٰ مسترد ہو سکتا ہے۔
Burden of Proof: Key Notes in Table Format
| Article No. | Title | key points |
|---|---|---|
| آرٹیکل 117 | Burden of Proof | جس شخص کو کسی قانونی حق یا ذمہ داری کا دعویٰ کرنا ہو، اسے اپنے دعوے کے حقائق کو ثابت کرنا ہوگا۔ |
| آرٹیکل 118 | On Whom Burden of Proof Lies | اگر کسی کیس میں کوئی بھی فریق ثبوت نہ دے تو وہ فریق ناکام ہو جائے گا جس پر ثبوت دینے کی ذمہ داری تھی۔ |
| آرٹیکل 119 | Burden of Proof as to Particular Fact | جس فریق کو کسی خاص حقیقت پر عدالت کا یقین دلانا ہو، اس شخص کو اس حقیقت کا ثبوت دینا لازم ہوگا۔ |
| آرٹیکل 120 | Burden of Proving Fact to be Proved to Make Evidence Admissible | کسی بھی حقیقت کو ثابت کرنے کا بوجھ اس شخص پر ہوتا ہے جو ایسی شہادت دینا چاہتا ہے۔ |
| آرٹیکل 122 | Burden of Proving Fact Especially Within Knowledge | جس فریق کے پاس کسی خاص حقیقت کا علم ہو، اسی شخص پر اس حقیقت کا ثبوت دینے کی ذمہ داری بھی ہوگی۔ |
| آرٹیکل 123 | Burden of Proving Death of Person Known to Have Been Alive Within Thirty Years | اگر کوئی شخص 30 سال کے اندر زندہ تھا، تو اس کی موت ثابت کرنے کی ذمہ داری اس پر ہوگی جو موت کا دعویٰ کرے۔ |
| آرٹیکل 124 | Burden of Proving That Person is Alive Who Has Not Been Heard of for Seven Years | اگر کوئی شخص 7 سال سے کسی کو نظر نہیں آیا، تو اس کے زندہ ہونے کا ثبوت دینے کی ذمہ داری اس پر ہوگی جو اس کا دعویٰ کرے۔ |
| آرٹیکل 125 | Burden of Proof as to Relationship in the Case of Partners, Landlord and Tenant, Principal and Agent | اگر سوال یہ ہو کہ آیا افراد شراکت دار ہیں، تو ان کے درمیان تعلقات ختم ہونے کا ثبوت اس شخص پر ہوگا جو انکار کرتا ہے کہ ان میں شراکت نہ تھی۔ |
| آرٹیکل 126 | Burden of Proof as to Ownership | اگر کسی کے قبضے میں کوئی چیز ہو تو اسے مالک تصور کیا جائے گا، جب تک کہ کوئی اور اس کے برعکس ثابت نہ کرے۔ |
| آرٹیکل 127 | Proof of Good Faith in Transactions Where One Party is in Relation of Active Confidence | جب فریقین کے درمیان اعتماد کا رشتہ ہو، تو اعتماد والے فریق کو یہ ثابت کرنا ہوگا کہ لین دین نیک نیتی سے ہوا ہے۔ |
| آرٹیکل 128 | Birth During Marriage Conclusive Proof of Legitimacy | شادی کے دوران پیدا ہونے والا بچہ قانونی طور پر شوہر کا تصور کیا جائے گا، جب تک کہ شوہر اس سے انکار نہ کرے۔ |
| آرٹیکل 129 | Court May Presume Existence of Certain Facts | عدالت کسی بھی ایسے حقیقت کو فرض کر سکتی ہے جس کے بارے میں اسے لگتا ہے کہ وہ واقع ہوئی ہوگی، انسانی رویے اور عوامی کاروبار کو مدنظر رکھتے ہوئے۔ |
Chapter 9 Burden of Proof: Comprehensive Key Points
Chapter 9 of the Qanun-e-Shahadat Order 1984 is summarized notes are here.
Article 117. Burden of Proof
• Whoever desires any Court to give judgment as to
➥ Any legal right or liability
➥ On the existence of facts which he asserts,
➣ Must prove that those facts exist
• When a person is bound to prove the existence of any fact
➥ The burden of proof lies on that person
Article 118. . On whom burden of proof lies
• The burden of proof in a suit or proceeding lies on that person
• Who would fail
➥ If no evidence at all were given on either side
Article 119. Burden of proof as to particular fact
• Lies on that person who wishes the Court
➥ To believe in its existence,
• Unless it is provided by any law that the proof of that fact
➥ Shall lie on any particular person
Article 120. Burden of proving fact to be proved to make evidence admissible
• The burden of proving any fact necessary to be proved in order to
➥ Enable any person to give evidence of any other fact
• Is on the person who
➥ Wishes to give such evidence
Article 122. Burden of proving fact especially within knowledge
• Is upon that person
Article 123. Burden of proving death of person known to have been alive within thirty
years
• When the question is whether a man is alive or dead, and
• It is shown that he was alive within thirty years,
• The burden of proving that he is dead is on the person
➥ Who affirms it
Article 124. Burden of proving that person is alive who has not been heard of for seven
years
• When the question is whether a man is alive or dead, and
• It is proved that he has not been heard of for seven years
• By those who would naturally have heard of him if he had been alive,
• The burden of proving that he is alive is shifted to the person
➥ Who affirms it
Article 125. Burden of proof as to relationship in the cases of partners, landlord and tenant,
principal and agent
• When the question is whether persons are partners landlord and tenant, or
principal and agent, and
• It has been shown that they have been acting as such,
• The burden of proving that
➥ They do not stand, or
➥ Have ceased to stand,
• To each other in those relationships respectively,
• Is on the person who affirms it
Article 126. Burden of proof as to ownership
• When the question is whether any person is owner of anything of which
• He is shown to be in possession,
• The burden of proving that he is not the owner is on the person
➥ Who affirms that he is not the owner
Article 127. Proof of good faith in transactions where one party is in relation of active confidence
• When there is a question as to
➥ The good faith of a transaction between parties,
• One of whom stands to the other in a position of active confidence,
• The burden of proving the good faith of the transaction
• Is on the party who is
➥ In a position of active confidence
Article 128. Birth during marriage conclusive proof of legitimacy
• The fact that any person was born during the continuance of a valid marriage
➥ Between his mother and any man and
➥ Not earlier than the expiration of
➣ Six lunar months from the date of the marriage, or
➣ Within two years after its dissolution,
» The mother remaining unmarried,
➥ Shall be conclusive proof that he is the legitimate child of that man,
➥ Unless
➣ The husband had refused, or refuses, to own the child ; or
➣ The child was born after the expiration of six lunar months from the date on
Which the woman had accepted that
» The period of iddat had come to an end
• Nothing contained in clause (1) shall apply to a non-Muslim if it is inconsistent with his faith
Article 129. Court may presume existence of certain facts
• The Court may presume the existence of any fact
• Which it thinks likely to have happened,
➥ Regard being had to the common course of natural events,
➥ Human conduct and public and private business,
➥ In their relation to the facts of the particular case
Illustration:
a) Man in possession of stolen goods
b) Accomplice unworthy of credit
c) Bill of exchange, accepted or endorsed
d) Thing or state of thing shown to be in existence
e) Judicial and official acts performed
f) Common course of business has been followed
g) Evidence be un-favorable
h) Man refuses to answer
i) Document creating obligation
Read Also: QSO Chapter 8 Estoppel Summary