LAW GAT/SEE-LAW Notes, Qanun-e-Shahadat (QSO) Order 1984

Chapter 8 of QSO: Estoppel Summary – Important Points

Estoppel concept  is covered in Chapter 8 of the Qanun-e-Shahadat Order 1984 in articles 114 to 116.  This legal theory basically states  a person cannot oppose a statement or action on which the other person has relied. This principle ensures in the courts that people do not deviate from their words or actions when the other party has trusted them.
Have you ever wondered how a person’s silence or action can be legally binding? When a person convinces others in a matter and then backs away from it, it is against the principles of justice. The principle of staple ensures that people keep their promises and actions, so that other people are not harmed.

This chapter helps us understand how courts enforce the Estoppel principle. When we are involved in legal matters, it is important to know how our silence or action can affect. In this way, we can protect our rights and uphold the principles of justice to other people.

Short summary in Urdu

چیپٹر 8 پاکستان قانون شہادت آرڈر میں “اسٹوپل” سے متعلق ہے، جو بنیادی طور پر ایک قانونی اصول ہے کہ ایک شخص کسی ایسے بیان یا عمل کی مخالفت نہیں کر سکتا جس پر دوسرا شخص انحصار کر چکا ہو۔ یہ اصول عدالتوں میں اس بات کو یقینی بناتا ہے کہ لوگ اپنی باتوں یا عمل سے منحرف نہ ہوں جب دوسرا فریق ان پر بھروسہ یا معاہدہ کر چکا ہو۔ اسٹوپل کا مقصد عدالتی معاملات میں انصاف کو یقینی بنانا ہے تاکہ کوئی بھی فریق دھوکہ دہی یا جھوٹ کی بنیاد پر اپنے موقف کو بدل نہ سکے۔

Key Points of Estoppel: Summary Table – QSO Overview

Here’s a structured notes table in Urdu for Articles 114 to 116 of the Pakistan Qanun-e-Shahadat Order 1984.

Articletopickey points
114Estoppelجب کوئی شخص اپنی بیان، عمل یا لاپرواہی سے کسی دوسرے شخص کو کسی چیز کو سچ ماننے اور اس پر عمل کرنے پر مجبور کرتا ہے، تو وہ یا اس کا نمائندہ بعد میں اس چیز کی سچائی کا انکار نہیں کر سکتا۔ یہ اصول دونوں فریقوں کے درمیان کسی مقدمے یا کارروائی میں لاگو ہوتا ہے۔
115Estoppel of tenant and of licensee of person in possessionکوئی بھی کرایہ دار، یا اس کے ذریعہ دعویٰ کرنے والا، کرایہ داری کے دوران یہ انکار نہیں کر سکتا کہ مالک کے پاس ابتدائی طور پر اس جائیداد کا حق نہیں تھا۔ اگر کوئی شخص کسی جائیداد پر اس کے مالک کی اجازت سے آیا ہے تو وہ یہ انکار نہیں کر سکتا کہ اس شخص کے پاس اس وقت حق موجود تھا۔
116Estoppel of acceptor of bill of exchange bailee or licenseeاگر کوئی شخص بل آف ایکسچینج قبول کرتا ہے تو وہ اس بات پر اعتراض نہیں کر سکتا کہ بل آف ایکسچینج جاری کرنے والے شخص کے پاس ایسا کرنے کا حق تھا یا نہیں۔ اگر کوئی شخص کسی چیز کو قرض لیتا ہے یا اجازت لیتا ہے تو وہ اس بات پر اعتراض نہیں کر سکتا کہ اسے قرض دینے یا اجازت دینے والے شخص کے پاس ایسا کرنے کا حق تھا یا نہیں۔

Article 114. Estoppel

• When one person has,
➥ By his declaration,
➥ Act or omission,
➥ Intentionally caused or
➥ Permitted another person
➣To believe a thing to be true and
➣ To act upon such belief,
➥ Neither he nor his representative shall be allowed,
➥ In any suit or proceeding between himself and
➥ Such person or his representative,
➥ To deny the truth of that thing

Article 115. Estoppel of tenant and of licensee of person in possession:

➥ No tenant of immovable property, or
➥ Person claiming through such tenant, shall,
➥ During the continuance of the tenancy, be permitted to deny that
➣ The landlord of such tenant had,
➣ At the beginning of the tenancy, a title to such immovable property;
➥ And no person who came upon any immovable property by the license of the
person in possession thereof
➥ Shall be permitted to deny that
➣ Such person had a title to such possession at the time when such license was given

Article 116. Estoppel of acceptor of bill of exchange bailee or licensee:

➥ No acceptor of a bill of exchange
➥ Shall be permitted to deny that
➣ The drawer had authority to draw such bill or
➣ To endorse it;
➥ Nor shall any bailee or licensee be permitted to deny that
➣ His bailor or licenser had, at the time when the bailment or license commenced,
➣ Authority to make such bailment or grant such license
➥ The acceptor of a bill of exchange may deny that
➣ The bill was really drawn by the person by whom
➣ It purports to have been drawn.
➥ If a bailee delivers the goods bailed to a person other than the bailor, he may prove that
➣ Such person had a right to them as against the bailor


Test Your Knowledge: MCQs on QSO Chapter 8.

QSO Chapter 8 Test 1

1 / 4

1)

When one person has by his declaration, act, or omission, intentionally caused or permitted another person to believe a thing to be __________ and to act upon such belief, neither he nor his representative shall be allowed to deny the truth of that thing.

2 / 4

2)

As per Explanation 2 of article 116 of QSO, if a bailee delivers the goods bailed to a person other than the __________, he may prove that such person had a right to them as against the bailor.

3 / 4

3)

When one person has by his declaration, act or omission, intentionally caused or permitted another person to believe a thing to be true and to act upon such belief, neither he nor his representative shall be allowed, in any ___________ between himself and such person or his representative, to deny the truth of that thing.

4 / 4

4)

A tenant shall not be permitted to deny that the landlord of such tenant had, at the beginning of the tenancy, a __________ to such immovable property.

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The average score is 64%

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Read Also: QSO Chapter 7 Facts Need Not Be Proved- Short Notes

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