LAT General Knowledge Short Notes (Part 2) discuss science, including biology, chemistry, physics, MUSLIM scientists, and knowledge about Pakistan.
BIOLOGY
1. Living Matter
All living things are made up of cells.
Cells contain protoplasm, a semi-viscous living substance.
Every cell has:
Cell Wall/Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
2. Functions of the Nucleus
Controls all activities of the cell.
Helps in cell division.
Contains chromosomes.
3. Chromosomes
Rod-like structures inside the nucleus.
Carry hereditary (genetic) characteristics.
The number of chromosomes remains constant in each species.
4. Cytoplasm
Contains:
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Fats
Minerals
5. Functions of a Cell
Takes nutrients.
Performs respiration.
Grows.
Removes waste products.
Responds to changes.
Reproduces.
Animal Cell
Main Parts
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Functions of Nucleus
Controls cell activities.
Helps in cell division.
Difference Between Plant Cell and Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Has a cell wall
Has only a cell membrane
Contains plastids
No plastids
No centriole mentioned
Centriole present near nucleus
Tissue
A tissue is a group of similar cells performing the same function.
Types of Tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
CHEMISTRY
Compound
A compound is a substance formed when two or more elements combine in a fixed proportion by weight. Example: Water (H₂O)
Mixture
A mixture is formed by mixing two or more substances in any proportion.
Important Point
Each substance keeps its own properties.
Element
An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken into simpler substances by chemical methods.
Periodic Law
When elements are arranged in increasing order of atomic numbers, their properties repeat after regular intervals.
Periodic Table
Elements are arranged according to atomic number.
Similar elements are placed in the same group.
Mendeleev
Proposed the periodic table in 1869.
Predicted the existence of:
Germanium
Gallium
Scandium
Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen moves continuously through nature.
Plants absorb nitrogen.
Animals obtain nitrogen by eating plants.
Dead organisms return nitrogen to the soil.
Humans manufacture fertilizers to increase soil nitrogen.
Carbon Cycle
Plants absorb carbon dioxide.
Convert it into food.
Animals eat plants.
Carbon returns to the atmosphere through:
Respiration
Decay
Burning of coal
Water Cycle
Steps:
Sun heats water.
Water evaporates.
Water vapour forms clouds.
Clouds produce rain.
Water returns to rivers and oceans.
Acid
A substance formed when an acidic oxide dissolves in water.
Base
A substance that reacts with an acid to produce:
Salt
Water
Alkali
A base that dissolves in water. Example: Caustic soda
PHYSICS
Branches of Physics
Modern physics includes:
Atomic Physics
Nuclear Physics
Astrophysics
Electronics
Newton’s Laws of Motion
First Law
A body remains at rest or moves uniformly in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force.
Second Law
The rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to the applied force.
Third Law
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Law of Gravitation
Every object attracts every other object.
The force depends on:
Product of masses
Inversely proportional to the square of the distance
Heat
Heat is a form of energy produced by the movement of molecules.
Heat causes:
Rise in temperature
Change of state
Expansion
Specific Heat
The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of unit mass of a substance by 1°C (or 1 K).
Calorie
The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 Kelvin.
Thermal Capacity
The total heat required to raise the temperature of a body by 1°C or 1 K.
Latent Heat
Heat used to change the state of a substance without changing its temperature.
Latent Heat of Fusion
Heat required to convert a solid into a liquid at its melting point.
Conduction
Transfer of heat:
Through direct contact.
No movement of the material.
Example: A metal spoon becomes hot in tea.
Convection
Transfer of heat through the movement of liquids or gases.
Example: Boiling water.
FAMOUS MUSLIM SCIENTISTS
Scientist
Era
Contribution
Abu Nasr Al-Farabi
872–950
Famous philosopher and scientist.
Al-Battani
858–929
Improved calculations of the length of the year and seasons.
Ibn Sina (Avicenna)
980–1037
Great physician and philosopher.
Ibn Battuta
1304–1369
Famous traveler and author of Rihlah.
Ibn Rushd (Averroes)
1126–1198
Wrote commentaries on Aristotle and Plato.
Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi
780–850
Father of Algebra; introduced Hindu-Arabic numerals into European mathematics.
Omar Khayyam
1048–1131
Mathematician, astronomer, and poet.
Thabit ibn Qurra
826–901
Mathematician, physician, astronomer, and founder of statics.
Abu Bakr Al-Razi
865–925
One of the greatest physicians in history.
Jabir Ibn Hayyan
722–804
Father of Arab Chemistry; known for alchemy and metallurgy.
Ibn Ishaq Al-Kindi
801–873
First Muslim peripatetic philosopher and scientist.
Ibn Al-Haytham (Alhazen)
965–1040
Father of Optics; introduced the scientific method in experiments.
Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar)
1091–1161
Renowned physician and surgeon; author of Al-Taisir Fil-Mudawat Wal-Tadbeer.
Ibn Khaldun
1332–1406
Historian; pioneer of historiography, sociology, and economics.
Ibn Al-Baitar
1197–1248
Botanist, physician, and scientist who documented medicinal plants.
Pakistan General Knowledge – (Short Notes)
Question
Answer
After Madinah, which state was created on the ideology of Islam?
Pakistan
Which two countries were created on the basis of religion?
Pakistan and Israel
Important General Knowledge about Pakistan
National Symbols
Topic
Information
National Flower
Jasmine
National Bird
Chakor
National Tree
Deodar
National Animal
Markhor
National Emblem
Crescent
National Sport
Field Hockey
National Drink
Sugarcane (Cane) Juice
National Institutions & Headquarters
Institution
Location
Pakistan Army Headquarters
Rawalpindi
Pakistan Air Force Headquarters
Chaklala
Pakistan Navy Headquarters
Islamabad
Largest Radio Station
Islamabad
Pakistan Forest Institute
Peshawar
Bait-ul-Mal Established
1992
National Flag, Currency & Anthem
Topic
Information
National Flag Adopted
11 August 1947
National Flag Designed by
Ameer-ud-Din Qadwai
Jasmine Adopted
5 July 1961
First Coin Issued
3 January 1948
First Stamp Issued
9 July 1948
First Stamp Designer
Abdur Rehman Chughtai
National Anthem Composition Approved
21 August 1949
First Public Performance
13 August 1954
Number of Words
50
Number of Lines
15
Singing Time
1 Minute 20 Seconds
Musical Instruments Used
38
Currency Notes & Coins
Currency
Picture/Monument
Rs. 1 Coin
Quaid-e-Azam
Rs. 2 Coin
Badshahi Mosque
Rs. 10 Note
Khyber Pass
Rs. 50 Note
Karakoram Peak
Rs. 100 Note
Quaid Residence, Ziarat
Rs. 500 Note
Badshahi Mosque
Rs. 5000 Note
Faisal Mosque
Geography of Pakistan
Topic
Information
Total Forest Area
4.8%
Total Area of Balochistan
43% of Pakistan
Capital Area (Islamabad)
907 sq. km
Islamabad Distance from Rawalpindi
8 miles
Longest River
Indus River
Length of Indus
2,900 km
Source of Indus
Mansarovar Lake
Highest Peak of Hindukush
Tirich Mir
Broad Peak
Karakoram Range
Second Highest Cliff
Karakoram-2
International Borders
Border
Length
Pakistan–India
1,610 km
Pakistan–Afghanistan
2,052 km
Pakistan–Iran
805 km
Pakistan–China
595 km
Important Rivers
Province
Major Rivers
Punjab
Ravi, Sutlej, Chenab, Indus, Beas
Sindh
Indus, Hub
NWFP (KPK)
Kabul, Swat, Zhob
Balochistan
Bolan
Important Dams
Dam
River / Location
Tarbela Dam
Indus River
Mangla Dam
Jhelum River
Warsak Dam
Kabul River
Rawal Dam
Korang River
Khanpur Dam
Haro River
Hub Dam
Malir, Karachi
Tanda Dam
Balochistan
Important Passes
Pass
Connects
Khyber Pass
Peshawar – Kabul
Bolan Pass
Quetta – Afghanistan
Shandur Pass
Chitral – Gilgit
Khunjerab (Kulk) Pass
Gilgit – China
Khankum Pass
Chitral – Wakhan
Muztag Pass
Gilgit – Yarkand
Agriculture
Crop Season
Major Crops
Rabi (Oct–March)
Wheat, Gram, Barley, Tobacco
Kharif
Cotton, Rice, Sugarcane, Maize, Jowar, Bajra
Mountains & Tourist Places
Place
Importance
Skardu
Little Tibet
Saif-ul-Malook
Near Naran
Swat
Famous for Emeralds
Gilgit
Capital of Northern Areas
Kot Diji
Historic Fort
Bhambhor
Ancient Mosque
Historical Facts
Topic
Information
Simla Pact
3 July 1972
Geneva Accord
14 April 1988
Swat became part of Pakistan
1969
Pakistan won Cricket World Cup
1992
First Olympic Hockey Gold
1964
Quaid-e-Azam
Topic
Information
Mother Tongue
Gujarati
Born
Thursday
Died
Saturday
Took Oath from
Justice Mian Abdul Rashid
First person to call him “Quaid-e-Azam”
Maulana Mazhar-ud-Din
Important Personalities
Person
Achievement
Hafeez Jalandhari
National Anthem
Wahdat Diloky (Turkey)
Faisal Mosque Design
Mirat Khan
Minar-e-Pakistan Map
Colonel Sher Khan
Sindh Regiment
Rashid Minhas
Martyred in August 1971
Saifullah
Prepared Pashto Alphabet
Amir Karar
First Pashto Poet
Mast Tawakkal
Famous Balochi Poet
Important Places
Place
Known For
Kohat
Oldest Cantonment
Raiwind
Kasur District
Dera Adam Khel
Gun Industry
Haripur
Telephone Industry
Lahore
Tomb of Emperor Jahangir
Badshahi Mosque
Four Minarets (177 ft each)
short note
پاکستان اسلامی نظریے کی بنیاد پر قائم ہونے والی دنیا کی اہم ریاست ہے۔ اس کے قومی نشانوں میں چنبیلی قومی پھول، چکور قومی پرندہ، دیودار قومی درخت، مارخور قومی جانور اور ہلال قومی نشان شامل ہیں۔ پاکستان کی مسلح افواج کے ہیڈکوارٹرز بالترتیب راولپنڈی، چکلالہ اور اسلام آباد میں واقع ہیں۔ دریائے سندھ ملک کا سب سے طویل دریا ہے جبکہ تربیلا اور منگلا پاکستان کے اہم ڈیم ہیں۔ پاکستان کی سرحدیں بھارت، افغانستان، ایران اور چین سے ملتی ہیں۔ قومی ترانہ 50 الفاظ اور 15 سطروں پر مشتمل ہے۔ قائداعظم محمد علی جناح پاکستان کے بانی تھے جن کی مادری زبان گجراتی تھی۔ پاکستان نے 1992 میں کرکٹ ورلڈ کپ اور 1964 میں ہاکی کا پہلا اولمپک طلائی تمغہ جیتا۔ یہ تمام حقائق پاکستان کی جغرافیہ، تاریخ، قومی شناخت اور اہم شخصیات کے حوالے سے نہایت اہم جنرل نالج تصور کیے جاتے ہیں۔
Firsts in Pakistan
Category
First
Name / Information
Cricket
First Captain of Pakistan Cricket Team
Abdul Hafeez Kardar
Cricket
First Overseas Tour
India
Cricket
First Test Century
Nazar Mohammad (vs India, Lucknow, 1954)
Banking
First Governor of State Bank
Zahid Hussain
Banking
First Bank
United Bank (7 August 1947)
Newspaper
First Daily Newspaper
Amroz (1947)
Radio
First Radio Station
Karachi
Television
First TV Station
Lahore (26 November 1964)
Private TV
First Private TV Channel
STN (1990)
Satellite
First Space Satellite
Launched in 1990
Museum
First Museum
Karachi (1950)
University
First Women’s University
Rawalpindi (Fatima Jinnah Women University)
Postal Service
First Postal Stamp
July 1948
News Agency
First News Agency
APP
Railway
First Railway Track
Karachi – Kotri (1861)
Nuclear
First Nuclear Reactor
Karachi Nuclear Power Plant (1972)
Science
First DNA Test Laboratory
Islamabad (March 2006)
Energy
First Natural Gas Discovery
Sui (1952)
Energy
First Bio-gas Plant
1974
Aviation
First Private Airline
Hajvery Airline
Aviation
First Public Airline
Orient Airline
First Constitutional & Political Events
Category
Name / Information
First Constitution Enforced
23 March 1956
Second Constitution Enforced
8 June 1962
Third Constitution Enforced
14 August 1973
First Martial Law
7 October 1958
First Emergency
25 July 1948
First Five-Year Plan
1955–1960
First Agriculture Reforms
24 January 1959
First National Leaders
Office
Name
Governor General
Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah
President
Iskandar Mirza
Elected President
Field Marshal Ayub Khan
Prime Minister
Nawab Liaquat Ali Khan
Elected Prime Minister
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
Vice President
Nur-ul-Amin
Foreign Minister
Sir Zafarullah Khan
Finance Minister
Ghulam Muhammad
Secretary General
Chaudhry Muhammad Ali
Chairman Senate
Habibullah Khan
Speaker, Constituent Assembly
Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan
Chief Election Commissioner
F. M. Khan (25 March 1956)
First Provincial Governors
Province
First Governor
Punjab
Sir Francis Moody
Muslim Governor of Punjab
Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar
Sindh
Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (NWFP)
Sir George Cunningham
Muslim Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Sahibzada Mohammad Khurshid
Balochistan
Lt. Gen. Riaz Hussain
Gilgit-Baltistan
Shamma Khalid
First Chief Ministers
Province
First Chief Minister
Punjab
Iftikhar Hussain Mamdot
Sindh
Ayub Khuhro
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Dr. Khan Sahib
Balochistan
Sardar Attaullah Mengal
First Military Appointments
Position
Name
Commander-in-Chief of Army
General Frank Messervy
First Muslim Commander-in-Chief (Army)
General Muhammad Ayub Khan
Commander-in-Chief of Air Force
Air Vice Marshal Allan Perry Keene
First Muslim Commander-in-Chief (Air Force)
Air Marshal Asghar Khan
Commander-in-Chief of Navy
Rear Admiral James Wilfred Jefford
First Muslim Commander-in-Chief (Navy)
Haji Muhammad Sadiq Chaudhry
Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee
General Muhammad Sharif
Chief of Staff of Armed Forces
General Tikka Khan
First Women Achievers
Achievement
Name
First Lady Governor
Begum Rana Liaquat Ali Khan
First Female Governor
Begum Rana Liaquat Ali Khan
First Lady Federal Minister
Vikar-un-Nisa Noor
First Female Chancellor
Begum Rana Liaquat Ali Khan
First Female Vice Chancellor
Najma Najam
First Female University
Fatima Jinnah Women University
First Lady Pilot
Shukriya Khanum
First Lady Major General
Dr. Shahida Malik
First Female High Court Judge
Majida Rizvi
First Female Chief Justice High Court
Justice Aalia Neelum
First Female Prime Minister
Benazir Bhutto
First Female Speaker, National Assembly
Dr. Fehmida Mirza
First Female Representative to the UN
Shaista Ikramullah
First Female Deputy Speaker
Begum Jahan Ara Shahnawaz
First Female Population Minister
Dr. Attiya Inayatullah
First Female Finance Minister
Benazir Bhutto
First Female Law & Human Rights Minister
Shahida Jamil
First Female Foreign Office Spokesperson
Tasneem Aslam
First Female Gold Champion
Shehzadi Gulfam
First Female Athlete to Win SAF Gold
Naseem Hameed
First National Achievements
Achievement
Name / Information
First Nishan-e-Haider Recipient
Captain Raja Sarwar
First Nobel Prize Winner
Dr. Abdus Salam (Physics, 1979)
First Lenin Prize Winner
Faiz Ahmad Faiz (1961)
First Pakistani to Climb Mount Everest
Nazir Sabir (2000)
First Pakistani to Hoist National Flag at the North Pole
Numaira Saleem
First Cruise Missile
Hatf-VII (Babur) – 11 August 2005
First Rocket
Rahbar
First Missile
Hat-70
First SOS Village
Lahore (1977)
First Census
1951
First State to Join Pakistan
Bahawalpur (1954)
پاکستان کی تاریخ میں مختلف شعبوں میں کئی اہم “پہلی” کامیابیاں حاصل کی گئیں۔ قائداعظم محمد علی جناح پاکستان کے پہلے گورنر جنرل جبکہ نواب لیاقت علی خان پہلے وزیر اعظم تھے۔ اسکندر مرزا پہلے صدر، عبدالحفیظ کاردار پہلے کرکٹ کپتان اور زاہد حسین اسٹیٹ بینک کے پہلے گورنر تھے۔ پاکستان کا پہلا آئین 23 مارچ 1956 کو نافذ ہوا جبکہ پہلا مارشل لا 7 اکتوبر 1958 کو لگا۔ خواتین میں بیگم رعنا لیاقت علی خان پہلی خاتون گورنر، بے نظیر بھٹو پہلی خاتون وزیر اعظم، مجیدہ رضوی پہلی خاتون ہائی کورٹ جج اور ڈاکٹر عبدالسلام نوبل انعام حاصل کرنے والے پہلے پاکستانی تھے۔ یہ تمام معلومات پاکستان کی سیاسی، عسکری، سائنسی، تعلیمی اور تاریخی ترقی کو سمجھنے کے لیے نہایت اہم جنرل نالج کا حصہ ہیں۔
Old and New Names of Cities
Present Name
Old Name
Hyderabad
Neroon Kot
Quetta
Shal Kot
Jacobabad
Khan Garh
Sialkot
Salwan Kot
Attock
Campbellpur
Faisalabad
Lyallpur
Sahiwal
Montgomery
Bin Qasim
Pipri (Pepri)
Muslim Bagh
Hindu Bagh
Pakpattan
Ajodhan
Islamabad
Raj Shahi
Karachi
Kalanchi
Lahore
Mahmood Pur
Gujranwala
Khan Pur
Zhob
Fort Sandeman
Peshawar
Persha Pur
Swat
Rowdayana
Distinctive Names of Cities & Places in Pakistan
Title / Nickname
City / Place
Land of Five Rivers
Punjab
City of Colleges
Lahore
City of Lights
Karachi
Manchester of Pakistan
Faisalabad
Gateway of Pakistan
Karachi
Brasilia of Pakistan
Islamabad
City (Valley) of Flowers
Peshawar
City of Textiles
Faisalabad
Switzerland of Pakistan
Swat
Little Pakistan
Bradford
Gateway of Invaders
Khyber Pass
Pearl of the Himalayas
Kaghan Valley
Killer Mountain of the World
Nanga Parbat
Salt Home of the World
Pakistan
Land of Pure People
Pakistan
City of Greenery
Islamabad
Bread Basket of Pakistan
Punjab
Queen of Crops
Punjab
Important Books and Their Authors
Book
Author
Shahnama-i-Islam
Hafeez Jalandhari
Man Who Ruled India
Philip Woodruff
Confessions
Rousseau
Quaid-e-Azam Jinnah: The Story of a Nation
G. Allana
Heroes and Hero-Worship
Thomas Carlyle
Foundation of Pakistan
Sharifuddin Pirzada
Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
Edward FitzGerald
Gitanjali
Rabindranath Tagore
Asrar-e-Khudi
Allama Muhammad Iqbal
Bal-e-Jibril
Allama Muhammad Iqbal
Bang-e-Dara
Allama Muhammad Iqbal
Javid Nama
Allama Muhammad Iqbal
Jawab-e-Shikwa
Allama Muhammad Iqbal
Payam-e-Mashriq
Allama Muhammad Iqbal
Zabur-e-Ajam*
Allama Muhammad Iqbal
Zarb-e-Kaleem
Allama Muhammad Iqbal
Bostan
Sheikh Saadi
Gulistan
Sheikh Saadi
Darbar-i-Akbari
Muhammad Hussain Azad
Hayat-i-Jawid
Altaf Hussain Hali
Kitab al-Shifa
Ibn Sina
Mirat-ul-Aroos
Deputy Nazir Ahmad
Muqaddimah
Ibn Khaldun
Shaer-o-Shaeri
Altaf Hussain Hali
Mussaddas-e-Hali
Altaf Hussain Hali
Naqsh-e-Faryadi
Faiz Ahmed Faiz
Shahnama
Firdausi
Tehzeeb-ul-Akhlaq
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
Tafhim-ul-Quran
Syed Abul Ala Maududi
Yadgar-e-Ghalib
Altaf Hussain Hali
Arabian Nights
Sir Richard Burton
An Ideal Husband
Oscar Wilde
A Woman of No Importance
Oscar Wilde
Animal Farm
George Orwell
Antony and Cleopatra
William Shakespeare
As You Like It
William Shakespeare
Comedy of Errors
William Shakespeare
Caesar and Cleopatra
George Bernard Shaw
Daughter of the East
Benazir Bhutto
My Experiments with Truth
Mahatma Gandhi (Autobiography)
Urdu Note
پاکستان کے مختلف شہروں کے پرانے اور نئے نام، ان کے مشہور القابات اور اہم کتابوں کے مصنفین جنرل نالج کا اہم حصہ ہیں۔ فیصل آباد کا پرانا نام لائل پور، ساہیوال کا منٹگمری، کوئٹہ کا شال کوٹ اور اٹک کا کیمبل پور تھا۔ لاہور کو “شہرِ کالجز”، کراچی کو “شہرِ روشنی” اور فیصل آباد کو “مانچسٹر آف پاکستان” کہا جاتا ہے، جبکہ سوات کو “سوئٹزرلینڈ آف پاکستان” کے نام سے جانا جاتا ہے۔ اسی طرح علامہ اقبال، شیخ سعدی، ابن سینا، ابن خلدون، فیض احمد فیض، سر سید احمد خان، جارج آرویل، ولیم شیکسپیئر اور آسکر وائلڈ جیسے مشہور مصنفین کی اہم کتابیں بھی امتحانات میں بار بار پوچھی جاتی ہیں۔ ان شہروں، القابات اور کتابوں کے مصنفین کو یاد رکھنا مختلف بورڈ، ایف پی ایس سی، پی پی ایس سی، این ٹی ایس اور دیگر مقابلے کے امتحانات کے لیے نہایت ضروری ہے۔
Countries, Capitals & Currencies
Countries A–D
Country
Capital
Currency
Afghanistan
Kabul
Afghani
Albania
Tirane
Lek
Algeria
Algiers
Dinar
Andorra
Andorra la Vella
Euro
Angola
Luanda
New Kwanza
Antigua and Barbuda
Saint John’s
East Caribbean Dollar
Argentina
Buenos Aires
Peso
Armenia
Yerevan
Dram
Australia
Canberra
Australian Dollar
Austria
Vienna
Euro
Azerbaijan
Baku
Manat
Bahamas
Nassau
Bahamian Dollar
Bahrain
Manama
Bahraini Dinar
Bangladesh
Dhaka
Taka
Barbados
Bridgetown
Barbados Dollar
Belarus
Minsk
Belorussian Ruble
Belgium
Brussels
Euro
Belize
Belmopan
Belize Dollar
Benin
Porto-Novo
CFA Franc
Bhutan
Thimphu
Ngultrum
Bolivia
La Paz / Sucre
Boliviano
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sarajevo
Marka
Botswana
Gaborone
Pula
Brazil
Brasilia
Real
Brunei
Bandar Seri Begawan
Brunei Dollar
Bulgaria
Sofia
Lev
Burkina Faso
Ouagadougou
CFA Franc
Burundi
Bujumbura
Burundi Franc
Cambodia
Phnom Penh
Riel
Cameroon
Yaounde
CFA Franc
Canada
Ottawa
Canadian Dollar
Cape Verde
Praia
Cape Verdean Escudo
Central African Republic
Bangui
CFA Franc
Chad
N’Djamena
CFA Franc
Chile
Santiago
Chilean Peso
China
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CFA Franc
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Congolese Franc
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CFA Franc
Croatia
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Kuna
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Cuban Peso
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Nicosia
Cyprus Pound
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Prague
Koruna
Denmark
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Krone
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Djibouti
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Countries E – L
Country
Capital
Currency
East Timor (Timor-Leste)
Dili
U.S. Dollar
Ecuador
Quito
U.S. Dollar
Egypt
Cairo
Egyptian Pound
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San Salvador
Colón; U.S. Dollar
Equatorial Guinea
Malabo
CFA Franc
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New Delhi
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Kenyan Shilling
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Countries M – S
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CFA Franc
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Syria
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Countries T – Z
Country
Capital
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Tajikistan
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Tanzanian Shilling
Thailand
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Lomé
CFA Franc
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Tunisian Dinar
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Ankara
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Manat
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Funafuti (Vaiaku Village)
Australian Dollar
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Kampala
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Ukraine
Kyiv
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U.S. Dollar
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Uzbekistan
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Euro
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Bolívar
Vietnam
Hanoi
Dong
Yemen
Sana’a
Rial
Zambia
Lusaka
Kwacha
Zimbabwe
Harare
Zimbabwean Dollar
Famous International Organizations
United Nations Organization (UNO)
Topic
Information
Full Name
United Nations Organization (UNO)
Founded
24 October 1945
Predecessor
League of Nations (Founded in 1919)
Reason for Formation
To maintain international peace and security after World War II
Headquarters
New York, USA
Total Members
193 Member States
Observer States
Holy See (Permanent Observer), Palestine
League of Nations vs United Nations
League of Nations (LN)
United Nations Organization (UNO)
Established in 1919
Established on 24 October 1945
Formed after World War I
Formed after World War II
Failed to prevent World War II
Established to maintain world peace and international cooperation
ورلڈ وار 1 کے بعد لیگ آف نیشنز بنی تھی جو کہ اپنے مقاصد میں کامیاب نہ ہو سکی اور اس کے ہوتے ہوئے ورلڈ وار 2 شروع ہو گئ جس کی وجہ سے وہ ختم ہو گئی اور اس کی جگہ پھر یو این او بن گئی۔
Principal Organs of the United Nations
General Assembly
Security Council
Secretariat
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
International Court of Justice (ICJ)
Trusteeship Council (suspended)
Note: The Trusteeship Council was the 6th principal organ, but it suspended operations on 1 November 1994 after the independence of Palau.
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
ITSO
Washington
1975
International & Regional Organizations
Organization
Abbreviation
Headquarters
Year / Status
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
OPCW
Hague
1997
European Free Trade Association
EFTA
Geneva
1970
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NATO
Brussels
1949
Western European Union
WEU
Brussels
1993 (Associate)
European Union
EU
Brussels
November 1, 1993
International Committee of the Red Cross
ICRC
Geneva
1998 (Associate)
International Commission on Missing Persons
ICMP
The Hague, Netherlands
1996
Missile Technology Control Regime
MTCR
Not specified
Not specified
Organization of Islamic Countries
OIC
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
September 25, 1969
Arab League
AL
Cairo, Egypt
March 22, 1945
Urdu Notes
اقوام متحدہ (یو این او) دنیا کی سب سے بڑی بین الاقوامی تنظیم ہے جس کی بنیاد 24 اکتوبر 1945ء کو دوسری جنگِ عظیم کے بعد عالمی امن، سلامتی اور بین الاقوامی تعاون کے فروغ کے لیے رکھی گئی۔ اس کے 193 رکن ممالک ہیں جبکہ ہولی سی اور فلسطین مبصر ریاستیں ہیں۔ اقوام متحدہ کے پانچ اہم ادارے جنرل اسمبلی، سلامتی کونسل، سیکریٹریٹ، اقتصادی و سماجی کونسل اور عالمی عدالتِ انصاف ہیں۔ اقوام متحدہ کی چھ سرکاری زبانیں عربی، چینی، انگریزی، فرانسیسی، روسی اور ہسپانوی ہیں۔ اس کے اہم ذیلی اداروں میں WHO، UNICEF، UNDP، UNEP، UNHCR، WFP اور IMF شامل ہیں، جبکہ دیگر مشہور بین الاقوامی تنظیموں میں NATO، WTO، INTERPOL، OPCW، OIC، EU اور عرب لیگ شامل ہیں۔
