Understand the Relevancy of Facts in Evidence Law (QSO 1984)

Relevancy and admissibility are key concepts in legal evidence, crucial for justice administration. The Qanun-e-Shahadat Order (QSO) 1984 of Pakistan governs these rules in legal proceedings.

Chapter III of QSO covers the relevancy of facts and legal articles from 18 to 69. Topics include Relevancy of Facts, Admissions, Statements by Incompetent Witnesses, Statements Under Special Circumstances, Proof of Statements, Judgments of Courts, Third-Person Opinions, and Relevant Character.

Short Summary of Chapter 3 Relevancy of facts of QSO in Urdu :

پاکستان قانون شہادت آرڈر، 1984 کے چیپٹر 3 میں “حقائق کی متعلقہ حیثیت” پر توجہ دی گئی ہے، جو آرٹیکلز 18 سے 69 تک پھیلا ہوا ہے۔ اس چیپٹر میں مختلف قسم کے حقائق کی اہمیت اور ان کی گواہی دینے کی شرائط بیان کی گئی ہیں۔ جس میں حقائق کی صداقت، اعترافات، نااہل گواہوں کے بیانات، خصوصی حالات میں بیانات، بیانات کا ثبوت، عدالتوں کے فیصلے، تیسرے شخص کی رائے اور کردار پر توجہ مرکوز کی گئی ہے۔

Short notes: Relevancy of facts

یہاں پاکستان قانون شہادت آرڈر، 1984 کے چیپٹر 3 کے آرٹیکلز 18 سے 69 تک کے اہم نکات کو اردو میں مختصر نوٹس کی شکل میں پیش کیا جا رہا ہے۔طد

aRTICLE NO.	hEADINGS	SHORT NOTES
18	Evidence may be given of facts-in-issue and relevant facts	حقائق اور متعلقہ حقائق کی گواہی دی جا سکتی ہے جو مقدمے میں اہم ہیں۔
19	Relevancy of facts forming part of some transaction	کسی مخصوص معاملے کا حصہ بننے والے حقائق کی گواہی دی جا سکتی ہے۔
20	Facts which are the occasion, cause or effect of facts-in-issue	وہ حقائق جو کسی معاملے کی وجہ، موقع یا اثر ہیں، ان کی گواہی دی جا سکتی ہے۔
21	Motive, preparation and previous or subsequent conduct	کسی عمل کے مقصد، تیاری یا پہلے یا بعد کے رویے کے بارے میں حقائق کی گواہی دی جا سکتی ہے۔
22	Facts necessary to explain or introduce relevant facts	ایسے حقائق جو دیگر متعلقہ حقائق کو واضح کرنے یا متعارف کرنے کے لئے ضروری ہوں، ان کی گواہی دی جا سکتی ہے۔
23	Things said or done by conspirator in reference to common design	سازش میں شریک افراد کے کہے گئے الفاظ یا عمل جو مشترکہ منصوبے سے متعلق ہوں، ان کی گواہی دی جا سکتی ہے۔
24	When facts not otherwise relevant become relevant	جب کچھ غیر متعلقہ حقائق کسی وجہ سے متعلقہ بن جاتے ہیں تو ان کی گواہی دی جا سکتی ہے۔
25	In suits for damages facts tending to enable Court to determine amount are relevant	نقصانات کے مقدمات میں وہ حقائق جو عدالت کو نقصانات کا تعین کرنے میں مدد دیتے ہیں، ان کی گواہی دی جا سکتی ہے۔
26	Facts relevant when right or custom is in question	وہ حقائق جو کسی حق یا رسم و رواج کے سوال کو ظاہر کرتے ہیں، ان کی گواہی دی جا سکتی ہے۔
27	Facts showing existence of state of mind or of body, or bodily feelings	ایسے حقائق جو کسی شخص کی ذہنی حالت یا جسمانی حالت کو ظاہر کرتے ہیں، ان کی گواہی دی جا سکتی ہے۔
28	Facts bearing on question whether act was accidental or intentional	وہ حقائق جو یہ ظاہر کرتے ہیں کہ کوئی عمل حادثاتی تھا یا ارادی، ان کی گواہی دی جا سکتی ہے۔
29	Existence of course of business when relevant	کاروباری طریقوں کا وجود جب کسی معاملے میں متعلقہ ہو تو اس پر بھی گواہی دی جا سکتی ہے۔
30	Admission defined	ایڈمیشن کی تعریف بیان کی گئی ہے کہ یہ کس طرح قانونی حیثیت رکھتا ہے۔
31	Admission by party to proceeding or his agent etc.	مقدمے میں فریق یا اس کے نمائندے کا اعتراف قابل قبول ہوگا۔
32	Admission by persons whose position must be proved as against party to suit	ایسے افراد کا اعتراف جن کی حیثیت کو مقدمے میں ثابت کرنا ضروری ہو، وہ بھی قابل قبول ہوگا۔
33	Admission by persons expressly referred to by party to suit	مقدمے میں فریق کی جانب سے واضح طور پر حوالہ دیا گیا اعتراف بھی قابل قبول ہوگا۔
34	Proof of admissions against persons making them and by or on this behalf	اعترافات کا ثبوت ان لوگوں کے خلاف ہوگا جو انہیں بناتے ہیں اور ان کے نمائندوں کے ذریعے بھی۔
35	When oral admissions as to contents of documents are relevant	جب زبانی اعترافات دستاویزات کے مواد سے متعلق ہوں تو وہ بھی قابل قبول ہوں گے۔
36	Admissions in civil cases when relevant	شہری مقدمات میں اعترافات جب متعلقہ ہوں تو انہیں قبول کیا جائے گا۔
37	Confession caused by inducement, threat or promise, when irrelevant in criminal proceeding	اگر اعتراف کسی دباؤ، دھمکی یا وعدے سے حاصل ہوا ہو تو یہ مجرمانہ کارروائی میں غیر متعلقہ ہوگا۔
38	Confession to police officer not to be proved	پولیس افسر کے سامنے کیا گیا اعتراف ثابت نہیں کیا جائے گا۔
39	Confession by accused while in custody of police not to be proved against him	پولیس کی حراست میں ملزم کا اعتراف اس کے خلاف ثابت نہیں کیا جائے گا۔
40	How much of information received from accused may be proved	ملزم سے حاصل کردہ معلومات کا کتنا حصہ ثابت کیا جا سکتا ہے، اس پر وضاحت موجود ہے۔
41	Confession made after removal of impression caused by inducement, threat or promise, relevant	اگر اعتراف دباؤ، دھمکی یا وعدے کے اثرات ختم ہونے کے بعد کیا جائے تو یہ قابل قبول ہوگا۔
42	Confession otherwise relevant not to become irrelevant because of promise of secrecy, etc.	اگر اعتراف دیگر وجوہات سے قابل قبول ہو تو یہ راز داری کے وعدے کی وجہ سے غیر متعلق نہیں ہوگا۔
43	Consideration of proved confession affecting person making it and others jointly under trial for same offence	ثابت شدہ اعتراف کا غور و فکر ملزم اور دوسرے افراد پر اثر انداز ہوگا جو اسی جرم میں مشترکہ طور پر زیرِ حراست ہیں۔
44	Accused persons to be liable to cross-examination	ملزم افراد کو جرح کا سامنا کرنا پڑے گا۔
45	Admission not conclusive proof but may estop	اعتراف حتمی ثبوت نہیں ہوتا لیکن یہ بعض اوقات روک سکتا ہے۔
46	Cases in which statement of relevant fact by person who is dead or cannot be found, etc. is relevant	مردہ شخص یا جسے نہیں پایا جا سکتا اس کا بیان جب متعلقہ ہو تو اسے قبول کیا جائے گا، جیسے: (1) موت کا سبب (2) کاروباری معاملات (3) خود مفاد (4) عوامی حقوق یا روایات (5) رشتوں کا وجود (6) وصیت یا خاندانی معاملات (7) دستاویزات (8) مشترکہ احساسات
47	Relevancy of certain evidence for proving, in subsequent proceeding, the truth of facts therein stated … 24	بعض شواہد کی اہمیت جو بعد میں حقیقت ثابت کرنے میں مددگار ہوں گی۔
48	Entries in books of account when relevant	حساب کتاب کی کتابوں میں درج معلومات جب متعلقہ ہوں تو انہیں قبول کیا جائے گا۔
49	Relevancy of entry in public record made in performance of duty	عوامی ریکارڈ میں درج معلومات جب فرض کی ادائیگی کے دوران ہوں تو انہیں قبول کیا جائے گا۔
50	Relevancy of statements in maps, charts and plans	نقشوں، چارٹس اور منصوبوں میں موجود بیانات جب متعلقہ ہوں تو انہیں قبول کیا جائے گا۔
51	Relevancy of statements as to fact of public nature, contained in certain Acts or notifications	بعض قوانین یا نوٹیفکیشنز میں موجود عوامی نوعیت کے بیانات جب متعلقہ ہوں تو انہیں قبول کیا جائے گا۔
52	Relevancy of statements as to any law contained in law-books	قانون کتابوں میں موجود کسی قانون سے متعلق بیانات جب متعلقہ ہوں تو انہیں قبول کیا جائے گا۔
53	What evidence to be given when statement forms part of a conversation, document, book or series of letters or papers 25-26	جب بیان گفتگو، دستاویز، کتاب یا خطوط کا حصہ ہو تو کس قسم کا ثبوت دیا جانا چاہئے اس پر وضاحت موجود ہے۔
54	Previous judgments relevant to bar a Second suit or trial	پچھلے فیصلے دوسرے مقدمے یا ٹرائل کو روکنے کے لئے اہم ہوتے ہیں۔
55	Relevancy of certain judgments in probate, etc. jurisdiction	بعض فیصلوں کی اہمیت وراثت وغیرہ کے معاملات میں ہوتی ہے۔
56	Relevancy and effect of Judgments, orders or decrees, other than those mentioned in Article 55	دیگر فیصلوں، احکامات یا قرار دادوں کی اہمیت اور اثر جو آرٹیکل 55 میں ذکر نہیں ہوئے ہیں۔
57	Judgments, etc., other than those mentioned in Articles 54 to 56 when relevant	آرٹیکلز 54 سے 56 تک ذکر کردہ فیصلوں کے علاوہ دیگر فیصلوں کی اہمیت اور اثر ہوتا ہے۔
58	Fraud or collusion in obtaining judgment, or incompetence of Court may be proved	فیصلے حاصل کرنے میں دھوکہ دہی یا سازش، یا عدالت کی نااہلی ثابت کی جا سکتی ہے۔
59	Opinions of experts	ماہرین کی آراء کو عدالت میں پیش کیا جا سکتا ہے جب یہ معاملے سے متعلق ہوں۔
60	Facts bearing upon opinions of experts	ماہرین کی آراء پر اثر انداز ہونے والے حقائق کو بھی پیش کیا جا سکتا ہے۔
61	Opinion as to handwriting when relevant	خط و کتابت پر رائے جب معاملے سے متعلق ہو تو اسے پیش کیا جا سکتا ہے۔
62	Opinion as to existence of right or custom, when relevant	کسی حق یا رسم و رواج کے وجود پر رائے جب معاملے سے متعلق ہو تو اسے پیش کیا جا سکتا ہے۔
63	Opinion as to usages, tenets, etc., when relevant	روایات، عقائد وغیرہ پر رائے جب معاملے سے متعلق ہو تو اسے پیش کیا جا سکتا ہے۔
64	Opinion on relationship when relevant
65	Grounds of opinion when relevant	جب کسی رائے کی بنیاد موجود ہو تو وہ رائے قابل قبول ہوگی۔ اس میں ماہرین کی آراء شامل ہیں جو کسی معاملے کی نوعیت کو سمجھنے میں مدد کرتی ہیں۔
66	In civil cases character to prove conduct imputed irrelevant	شہری مقدمات میں کردار کو ثابت کرنے کے لئے استعمال کرنا غیر متعلقہ ہوگا، یعنی کردار کی بنیاد پر کسی کے خلاف الزامات نہیں لگائے جا سکتے۔
67	In criminal cases previous good character relevant	مجرمانہ مقدمات میں پچھلے اچھے کردار کو قابل قبول سمجھا جائے گا، جو ملزم کی نیک نیتی یا بے گناہی کو ثابت کرنے میں مددگار ثابت ہو سکتا ہے۔
68	Previous bad character not relevant, except in reply	پچھلا برا کردار غیر متعلقہ ہوگا، سوائے اس کے کہ یہ جواب دینے کے لئے پیش کیا جائے۔ یعنی اگر ملزم نے خود اپنے کردار کا ذکر کیا تو یہ قابل قبول ہو سکتا ہے۔
69	Character as affecting damages	کردار کا اثر نقصانات پر ہو سکتا ہے، یعنی اگر کسی شخص کا کردار اس کے نقصانات کے تعین میں اہمیت رکھتا ہو تو اسے عدالت میں پیش کیا جا سکتا ہے۔

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Chapter 3 Relevancy of Facts – Key Points in Simple Notes

The Qanun-e-Shahadat Order , or Pakistan Evidence Act, doesn’t specify definitions for ‘relevancy’ or ‘relevant fact.’ It shows conditions under which one fact is relevant to another.

Article 18 : Evidence may be given of facts-in-issue and relevant facts

• Declared to be relevant
  • Shall not enable to give evidence of fact which he is dis-entitled to prove

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Article 19 : Relevancy of facts forming part, of some transaction

• Facts though not in issue but so connected
  • Whether they occurred at same time and place or at different time and places

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ARTICLE 20 : Motive, preparation and previous or subsequent conduct

• Facts which are the occasion, cause or effect immediately or otherwise of relevant facts or facts in issue, or
• Facts which constitute the state of things under which they happened
• Facts which afforded an opportunity for their occurrence or transaction

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ARTICLE 21 : Motive, preparation and previous or subsequent conduct

• Any fact is relevant which shows or constitute a motive for any effect in issue or relevant fact
• Fact showing preparation for fact an issue
• Conduct of party in respect of proceeding fact in issue or relevant fact
• Conduct of an offender if such conduct influences or influenced by any fact in issue or relevant fact

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ARTICLE 22 : Facts necessary to explain or introduce relevant facts

• Facts necessary to explain or introduce a fact in issue or relevant fact
• Facts which support or rebut an inference suggested by a fact in issue or relevant fact
• Facts which establish the identity of anything or person whose identity is relevant
• Fact which fix the time or place at which any fact in issue or relevant fact happened
• Fact which showed a relation of parties by whom any such fact was transacted

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ARTICLE 23 : . Things said or done by conspirator in reference to common design

• Where there is a reasonable ground to believe
  • That person conspired together
• Done or written
  • When such intention was entertained by one of them
• Is relevant fact against each
• As well as for the purpose

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ARTICLE 24 : When facts not otherwise relevant become relevant

• If they are inconsistent with an effect in issue or relevant fact
• If they make the existence or non-existence of any fact in issue or relevant fact highly probable or improbable

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ARTICLE 25 : In suits for damages facts tending to enable Court to determine amount are relevant

• Suits in which damages are claimed
• Fact which enable the court to determine amount
• Is relevant

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ARTICLE 26 : Facts relevant when right or custom is in question

• Any transaction by which the right or custom was
  • ⁍ Created
    ⁍ Claimed
    • ⁍ Modified
    • ⁍ Recognized
    • ⁍ Asserted or
    • ⁍ Denied or
    • ⁍ Which is inconsistent with its existence
• Particular instances in which the right or custom was
  • Claimed
    • Recognized or
      • Exercise or
        • In which its exercise was
• Disputed
• Asserted or
• Departed from

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ARTICLE 27 : Facts showing existence of state of mind or of body, or bodily feelings

• Fact showing the existence of any state of mind so just intention etc
• Facts showing existence of state of body
• Fact showing bodily feelings

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ARTICLE 28 : Facts bearing on question Whether act was accidental or intentional

• The fact that subject formed part of
• A series of similar occurrence is relevant

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ARTICLE 29 : Existence of course of business when relevant

• When there is a question whether a particular act was done
• Existence of any course of business
• Is a relevant fact

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ADMISSIONS

Article 30 : Admission Definition

• Statement oral or documentary
• Suggests any inference as to
  • Fact in issue or
    • Relevant fact

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ARTICLE 31 : Admission by party to Proceeding Or His Agent etc.

• Statement made by
  • Party to proceedings
    • Agent to any such party
• Statements made by parties to suits, suing or sued in a representative character are not admissions
• unless
  • They were made while the party making them held that character
• Statements made by persons
  • Who have proprietary or pecuniary interest in subject matter – person interested
    • Person who derived their interest in subject matter

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ARTICLE 32 : Admission by person whose position must be proved as against party to suit.

• Statements made by persons whose position or liability it is necessary to prove as against any party to suit are admissions
• Statements would be relevant if
  • Made whilst person making
    • Occupies such position or
      • Is subject to such liability

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ARTICLE 33 : Admission by person expressly referred to by Party to suit

• For information in reference to matter in dispute

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ARTICAL 34 : Proof of Admission against persons making them ,and by or on their Behalf

• Proved against person who makes them
• Cannot be proved by or on behalf, except
  • Person making it were dead
    • Statement of existence of state of mind or body, relevant or in issue
      • Relevant otherwise

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ARTICLE 35 : When Oral Admissions as to Contents of Documents are Relevant

• Not relevant
• Unless and until
  • If the secondary evidence of the contents of the document is possible

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Confession

ARTICLE 37 : Confessions Caused by Inducement , Threat or Promise, When irrelevant in Criminal Proceedings

• Confessions made by accused is irrelevant if
  • •Caused by inducement, threat, or promise
    • •Such inducement, threat or promise is proceeded by a person in authority
      • Search inducement, threat or promise had given the accused reasonable ground to suppose that by making such confession he would
        • Gain an advantage or
          • • Avoid any evil of temporal nature

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ARTICLE 38 : Confession to Police Officer not to be Proved

• No confession can be proved
• Made to a police officer

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• ARTICLE 39 : Confession by Accused While in Custody of Police not to be Proved against him
• Subject to article 10
• Confession made in immediate presence of magistrate maybe proved against him
  • Magistrate does not include head of village discharging magisterial functions

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ARTICLE 40 : How much of Information received from Accused may be Proved

• A fact discovered in consequence of an information received
• By an accused
• While in custody of police
• May be proved against him

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ARTICLE 41 : Confession made After Removal of impression Caused by inducement, Threat or Promise , Relevant

• Confession as is referred in article 37
• In opinion of court is fully removed

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ARTICLE 42 : Confession otherwise relevant not to become irrelevant because of promise of secrecy, etc….

• Confession does not become irrelevant merely because
  • •It was made under the promise of secrecy or
    • •It is the consequence of deception practiced on the accused
      • •He was drunk
• It was made at the time when it need not to be answered
• He was not warned about the consequences
• Evidence of it might be given against him (If the court knew he wasn’t bound)
  •Does not apply to Hudood cases

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ARTICLE 43 : Consideration of proved confession affecting person making it and others jointly under trial for same offence

• More than one are being tried jointly
• And a confession is made by one
• Shall be proof against person making it
• Taken as circumstantial evidence against the others

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ARTICLE 44 : Accused persons to be liable to cross-examination

• Including accomplice

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ARTICLE 45 : Admission not conclusive proof but may estop

• Proof of matters admitted
• May operate as estoppel

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Statements By Persons Who Can’t Be Called as Witnesses

• ARTICLE 46 : Cases in Which Statement of Relevant Fact By Person Who is Dead Or Can’t be Found ,etc., is Relevant
• 1 . Reason for Absence
  • • Dead
  • • Cannot be found
  • • Incapable of giving evidence
  • • Attendance cannot be procured without delay or expense which is un reasonable
  • Cases Where Statements of Dead etc ., is Relevant
  • A. When it Relates to Cause of Death
    • • To be under expectation of death is not necessary
      • • Statement before death as to cause of deat
• 2. Or is Made in Course of Business
  • • An entry or memorandum made by him in books in ordinary course of business
  • • Or in discharge of his professional duty
  • • An acknowledgement return or signed by him off the receipt of
  • ⁍ Money
  • ⁍ Goods
  • ⁍ Security or
  • ⁍ Property of any kind
• Or document used in Commerce written or signed by him
• Date of a letter or document usually dated, written or signed by him
• 3. Or Against interest of Maker
  • • Against pecuniary or proprietary interest
    • • It would expose him to criminal prosecution or damages
• 4. Or Gives Opinion As to Public Right Or Customs , Or Matters of General Interest
  • • If existed, he would usually likely to be aware
    • • Statement made before any controversy
• 5. Or Relates to Existence of Relationship

• Relationship by blood, marriage or adoption
• Poison making statement had special means of knowledge
• Statement, before the question of dispute was raised

6. Or is Made in Will or Deed Relating to Family Affairs

• Statement relating to existence of relationship by blood, marriage or adoption

• Statement made
⁍ In any will or
⁍ Deed relating to affairs of family or

⁍ In any family pedigree, upon Tomb stone, family portrait or any other thing

• Statement made before question was raised in dispute

7. Or In document relating to transaction mentioned in Article 26, paragraph (a)

• Statement contained in any deed, will or other document

8. Or is made by several persons and expresses feelings relevant to matter in Question

• Expressed feelings or impressions

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ARTICLE 47 : Relevancy of certain evidence for proving, in subsequent proceeding, the truth
of facts therein stated
I. Evidence given by a witness in a judicial proceeding, our before any person authorized by law to
take it, is relevant for the purpose of proving it
• In subsequent judicial proceeding or
• In a later stage of same judicial proceeding
II. Reasons For Absence
• Dead
• Cannot be found
• Incapable of giving evidence
• Kept out of way by adverse party
•Attendance cannot be procured without delay or expense which is un reasonable
III. Conditions
• Proceedings was between same parties or their representative in interest
• Adverse party in first proceeding had right and opportunity to cross examine
• Questions in issue were substantially the same

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Statements Made Under Special Circumstances

ARTICLE 48 : Entries in Book Of Account When Relevant
• Regularly kept in the course of business
• Are relevant
• Whenever they refer to a matter into which the court has to enquire
• But such statements shall not alone be sufficient evidence
⁍ To charge any person with liability

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ARTICLE 49 : Relevancy of in Public Record Made in Performance of Duty
• An entry in any public or other official book, register or record
• Stating a fact in issue or relevant fact
• And made by a public servant in the discharge of his official duty
• Or by any other person in performance of a duty
• Specially enjoined by the law of the country in which such book, register or record is
kept
• Is itself a relevant fact

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ARTICLE 50 : Relevancy of Statements , in Maps ,Charts and Plans
• Statements of facts in issue or relevant facts made in
• Published maps or charts generally offered for public sale, or in maps or plans
• Made under the authority of the
• Federal government or
• Any provincial government
• As to matters usually represented or stated in such maps, charts or plans
• Are themselves relevant facts

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ARTICLE 51 : Relevancy Of Statements As to Facts Of Public Nature , Contained in Certain Acts Or Notifications

• When the court has to form an opinion as to the existence of any fact of a public nature, any
statement of it
• Made in a recital contained in any act of the
• Central legislature or
• Of any other legislative authority in pakistan or
• In a government notification appearing in the official gazette
• Is a relevant fact

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ARTICLE 52 : Relevancy Of Statements As To Any Law Contained in Law – Books
• When the court has to form an opinion as to a law of any country
• Any statement of such law
⁍ Contained in a book purporting to be printed or published under the authority of the government of such country and
⁍ To contain any such law, and
⁍ Any report of a ruling of the courts of such country contained in a book purporting to be a report of such rulings
• Is relevant

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How much of a Statements is to be Proved

ARTICLE 53 : What evidence to be given when statement forms part of a conversation,
document, book or series of letters or papers
• When any statement of which evidence is given
• Forms part of a
⁍ Longer statement, or
⁍ Of a conversation or
⁍ Part of an isolated document, or
• Is contained in a document which forms part of
◦ A book or of a connected series of letters or papers
• Evidence shall be given of so much and no more of the statement, conversation, document, book
or series of letters or papers
• As the court considers necessary in that particular case
⁍ To the full understanding of the nature and effect of the statement
⁍ And of the circumstances under which it was made

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JUDGMENT OF COURTS OF JUSTICE WHEN RELEVANT

ARTICLE 54 : Previous Judgments relevant to bar a second suit or trial
• Existence of any judgment, order or decree
• Which the law prevents any court from taking cognizance of a suit or holding a trial

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ARTICLE 55 : Relevancy of certain judgments in probate etc., jurisdiction

I. CERTAIN JUDGMENTS
A final judgment, decree or order while exercising jurisdiction of
• Probate
• Matrimonial
• Admiralty or
• Insolvency
II. WHEN RELEVANT
• Which confers upon or takes away any legal character or
• Declares any person entitled to any such character
• Declares any person entitled to a thing
III. CONCLUSIVE PROOF OF
• That any legal character which it confers accrued when such judgment or order comes into existence
• That any legal character to which it declares any person entitled, accrued to that person when such judgment, order or decree declares to have accrued
• That any legal character taken away from any person ceased at the time when such judgment, order or decree declares that it ceases
• That anything declares any person to be entitled and when such judgment, order or decree declares such person that it should be his property

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ARTICLE 56 : Relevancy and effect of judgments, orders or decrees, other than those mentioned in Article 55
• If it relate to matters of public nature relevant in enquiry
• But not conclusive proof

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ARTICLE 57 : Judgments, etc., other than those mentioned in Articles 54 to 56, when relevant
• Are irrelevant
• Unless
⁍ Such judgment, order or decree is fact in issue or relevant

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ARTICLE 58 : Fraud or collusion in obtaining judgment, or incompetence of court may be proved
• Any party to suit or other proceeding
• Show that the judgment delivered by the court not competent or
• Obtained by fraud or collusion

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OPINION OF THIRD PERSON WHEN RELEVANT

ARTICLE 59 : Opinions of experts
• When court has to form an opinion on any of the following points
⁍ Foreign law or
⁍ Science or
⁍ Art or
⁍ As to identify of handwriting or
⁍ Finger impressions or
⁍ As to authenticity and integrity of electronic documents made by or through an information system
• An opinion upon that point of persons specifically skilled are relevant facts
◦ Such Persons are called experts

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ARTICLE 60 : Facts bearing upon opinions of experts
• Fact not otherwise relevant are relevant
• If they support
• Or are inconsistent with the opinions of experts
• When such opinions are relevant

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ARTICLE 61 : Opinion as to hand-writing when relevant
• When court has to form an opinion as to the person by whom any document was written or signed
• The opinion of any person acquainted with the handwriting of the person
• By whom it is supposed to be written or signed
• That it was or was not written or signed by that person
• Is a relevant fact

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ARTICLE 62 : Opinion as to existent of right or custom, when relevant
• When the court has to form an opinion as to the existence of any general custom or right
• The opinion of persons who would likely to know of its existence if it existed
• Are relevant

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ARTICLE 63 : Opinion as to usages, tenets, etc., when relevant

• When the court has to form an opinion as to
• The usages and tenants
⁍ Of anybody
⁍ Of men or family
⁍ The constitution and government of any religious or charitable foundation, or
⁍ The meaning of words or terms used in particular districts or particular classes of people
• The opinions of persons having special means of knowledge
• Are relevant facts

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ARTICLE 64 : Opinion on relationship when relevant
• Opinion as to relationship expressed by conduct
• As the existence of search relationship as a family member or otherwise
• Having special means of knowledge
• Is a relevant fact
◦ Such opinion shall not be sufficient the prove a marriage in proceedings under
◦ The Divorce Act, 1869 or
◦ In prosecutions under section 494 or 495 of Pakistan Penal Code, 1860

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ARTICLE 65 : Grounds of opinion when relevant
• When opinion of living person relevant
• Grounds on which it is based are also relevant

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CHARACTER WHEN RELEVANT

ARTICLE 66 : In civil cases character to prove conduct imputed irrelevant
• Is such as to render probable or improbable
• Any conduct imputed to him is irrelevant
• Except
⁍ Character appears from facts

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ARTICLE 67 : In criminal cases previous good character relevant
• Of accused good character is relevant

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ARTICLE 68 : Previous bad character not relevant, except in reply
• Previous bad character is irrelevant
• Unless
⁍ Evidence has been given that he has a good character

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ARTICLE 69 : Character as affecting damages
• In civil cases character of any person is such as to affect
• The amount of damages
• Which he ought to receive
• Is relevant
⁍ Character includes both reputation and this position
⁍ Evidence may be given only of general reputation and general disposition and not of
⁍ particular acts

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MCQ Test on the Relevancy of Facts:

Please click on the START Button to enclose the mock test on relevancy of facts article 18 to 69.

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Conclusion

To conclude, evidence is fundamental to achieving justice globally. Judges can face difficulties to indict an accused without evidence. Evidence plays a pivotal role in the justice system. The relevancy of facts is essential as it corroborates or challenges the merits of a case. The relevancy of facts further assists victims in proving their allegations or charge , while the accused may seek to disprove these charges. Several factors affect the veracity of a case, including admissions, confessions, statements made by those who can’t be called as witnesses, statements made under special circumstances , how much of a statement is to be proved , when a court’s judgment is relevant , when a third-party opinion is relevant, and ultimately, when character is relevant in civil and criminal cases etc.

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